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2024-2025 La Nina


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2 hours ago, snowman19 said:

As of right now, I am very skeptical of a cold/snowy February. That would be very atypical of a canonical La Niña. 20-21 was a recent exception, but that was also caused by strong -AO/-NAO blocking, due in very large part to the solar minimum, IMO. At least for NYC, if December is warm, pray for a greater than 3” of snow total for the month. As @bluewave showed, there has been an extremely strong correlation over the last 30 years between total December snowfall and the snowfall for the rest of the season when you have a La Niña in place

La Nina being central based in and of itself is not a big deal...especially since it isn't strong

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9 minutes ago, GaWx said:

*Fwiw* JB keeps hinting at a cold Nov/Thanksgiving/Dec for the E US. I’m not putting much weight on that for obvious reasons. Also, on Oct 8th he ditched his +2 for Megapolis for Nov-Mar for a NN (+1). And that’s obviously subject to further cooling in later updates. Keep this in mind: Since at the very least 2014-5 (because they’re all circulating on the internet back to then), JB has yet to have a mild FINAL Megapolis winter forecast. With the number of mild winters (5 of the 10) there have been, that’s not a good record. The ones 3+ AN at NYC since 2014-5 for those who don’t know were 2015-6, 2016-7, 2019-20, 2022-3, and 2023-4.

 

A. The 5 mild NYC winters (vs respective 30 yr mean):

-JB had -1 for Nov-Mar 2023-4 vs actual of +4 (DJF N/A). So, he missed by -5

-He had +0.5 for DJF 2022-3 vs actual of +5. So, he missed by -4.5

-He had -2 for his final DJF 2019-20 (vs earlier fcast of +0.5) vs actual of +3.5. So, his final missed by -5.5. So, his earlier fcast was not as bad (miss by -3).

-He had -2 for his final DJF 2016-7 (vs earlier fcast of 0) vs actual of +4. So, his final missed by -6. So, his earlier fcast wasn’t as bad (miss by -4).

-He had -2 for both his initial and final fcasts for DJF 2015-6 vs actual of +5.5. So, he missed by -7.5.

 

 So, for the 5 mild NYC winters:

-The avg of the absolute value of his final fcast misses was 5.5 and his avg bias was -5.5. The range was -4.5 to -7.5.

-He revised 2 of the 5 significantly colder, which resulted in larger - misses.

—————————

B. The 5 non-mild NYC winters:
 

-2021-2 had -0.5 for final Nov-Mar (vs 0 for initial). The actual was +1 (DJF N/A). So, his final missed by -1.5 and his earlier fcast was slightly better (missed by -1.0).

-2020-1 had +0.5 for his final DJF (vs +3 for his earlier). The actual was +0.5. So, his final was perfect! Also, his earlier fcast wasn’t so good (missed by +2.5) meaning his change was great!

-2018-9 had -2 for his final/initial DJF vs actual of +0.5. So, he missed by -2.5.

-2017-8 had 0 for his final DJF (vs +0.5 for initial). The actual was +0.5. So, his final missed by only -0.5. His earlier fcast was perfect.

-2014-5 had -2.5 for his final DJF (vs -3 for initial). The actual was -4. So, his final missed by +1.5. This is the only one of the 10 that was actually cold, for which he missed too warm, and for which he revised warmer. This also was his coldest fcast. His earlier fcast was slightly better (miss by +1).

 

So, for the 5 non-mild NYC winters:

-The avg of the absolute value of his final fcast misses was 1. The avg bias was -0.5. The range: -2.5 to +1.5.

-He revised 4 of the 5 (3 cooler and 1 warmer). 
———————————

 

C. Summary of all of last 10 winters at NYC:

-He did well when winter wasn’t mild as his bias for those was only -0.5 and avg absolute value of misses was only 1. His coldest fcast was for the coldest winter.

-He did poorly when winter was mild with a bias/avg miss of -5.5 (avg absolute value of misses was 5.5). He didn’t predict a single mild winter. He was able to predict well the one cold winter. He’d be a much better forecaster if he’d improve on forecasting mild winters. That’s why I route for him to predict mild and stick with it.

-None of his 10 final forecasts were mild (warmest +0.5/NN) (5 were NN and 5 were BN) as they were from warmest to coldest:

+0.5, +0.5, 0, -0.5, -1, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2.5

-6 of the 10 winters were +1 or warmer. The avg of the winters was +2 vs his avg of final fcasts of -1. So, he was too cold by 3 on avg.

-He predicted on avg -1.3 for the 5 warmest winters and -0.9 for the 5 coldest winters
@bluewave

@donsutherland1

Kudos on the detail but Joe B is one of the worst on the internet.  Severe cold bias for the clicks

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4 hours ago, snowman19 said:

As of right now, I am very skeptical of a cold/snowy February. That would be very atypical of a canonical La Niña. 20-21 was a recent exception, but that was also caused by strong -AO/-NAO blocking, due in very large part to the solar minimum, IMO. At least for NYC, if December is warm, pray for a greater than 3” of snow total for the month. As @bluewave showed, there has been an extremely strong correlation over the last 30 years between total December snowfall and the snowfall for the rest of the season when you have a La Niña in place

I’m skeptical of a cold Feb too but I’m more optimistic about December and January. I agree about December being a sign of things to come, usually in La Niña winters winter shows its hand early. 

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19 hours ago, donsutherland1 said:

Currently, the ECMWF outlook continues to call for a warmer than normal winter across much of North America.

image.png

Ongoing marine heatwaves north of Indonesia (with some Category 3 pockets) and in the North Pacific (pockets of Category 3 and 4 levels) are very likely contributing to the forecast.

image.png.e07e190ba1e8190080cf0819929da902.png

Those marine heatwaves, should they persist, could favor MJO Phases 4-6 during the winter and a negative to strongly negative PDO. Those outcomes are generally warm in the CONUS except for parts of the West.

image.png.afdf505eef9ee2d2be4d6f1c70f58af0.png

image.png.deceacd43099975023e8d409b519615a.png

 

Agree. Warmest waters still in MJO 4-6. That’s where the atmosphere is going to want to put the strongest and most persistent convection. And besides the marine heatwave there and in the North PAC around Japan, the heatwave around New Foundland in the Atlantic just refuses to budge

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I think most reasonable people are in agreement that this upcoming winter will be 2 warm months and one cool one, with January being one of the warm months.

Accuweather is calling for a warmer than average winter with below average snowfall. February will be the best month for snow chances, but there could also be some storms in early December: https://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/winter-forecast-for-the-us-in-the-2024-25-season/1699821

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Whomever is the forecaster that can find the cold period(s) inside the warmer winters wins and deserves major props.  Otherwise I think we all know that it is going to be warmer the vast majority of the time and it doesn't take much skill anymore to predict that.  

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15 hours ago, GaWx said:

*Fwiw* JB keeps hinting at a cold Nov/Thanksgiving/Dec for the E US. I’m not putting much weight on that for obvious reasons. Also, on Oct 8th he ditched his +2 for Megapolis for Nov-Mar for a NN (+1). And that’s obviously subject to further cooling in later updates. Keep this in mind: Since at the very least 2014-5 (because they’re all circulating on the internet back to then), JB has yet to have a mild FINAL Megapolis winter forecast. With the number of mild winters (5 of the 10) there have been, that’s not a good record. The ones 3+ AN at NYC since 2014-5 for those who don’t know were 2015-6, 2016-7, 2019-20, 2022-3, and 2023-4.

 

A. The 5 mild NYC winters (vs respective 30 yr mean):

-JB had -1 for Nov-Mar 2023-4 vs actual of +4 (DJF N/A). So, he missed by -5

-He had +0.5 for DJF 2022-3 vs actual of +5. So, he missed by -4.5

-He had -2 for his final DJF 2019-20 (vs earlier fcast of +0.5) vs actual of +3.5. So, his final missed by -5.5. So, his earlier fcast was not as bad (miss by -3).

-He had -2 for his final DJF 2016-7 (vs earlier fcast of 0) vs actual of +4. So, his final missed by -6. So, his earlier fcast wasn’t as bad (miss by -4).

-He had -2 for both his initial and final fcasts for DJF 2015-6 vs actual of +5.5. So, he missed by -7.5.

 

 So, for the 5 mild NYC winters:

-The avg of the absolute value of his final fcast misses was 5.5 and his avg bias was -5.5. The range was -4.5 to -7.5.

-He revised 2 of the 5 significantly colder, which resulted in larger - misses.

—————————

B. The 5 non-mild NYC winters:
 

-2021-2 had -0.5 for final Nov-Mar (vs 0 for initial). The actual was +1 (DJF N/A). So, his final missed by -1.5 and his earlier fcast was slightly better (missed by -1.0).

-2020-1 had +0.5 for his final DJF (vs +3 for his earlier). The actual was +0.5. So, his final was perfect! Also, his earlier fcast wasn’t so good (missed by +2.5) meaning his change was great!

-2018-9 had -2 for his final/initial DJF vs actual of +0.5. So, he missed by -2.5.

-2017-8 had 0 for his final DJF (vs +0.5 for initial). The actual was +0.5. So, his final missed by only -0.5. His earlier fcast was perfect.

-2014-5 had -2.5 for his final DJF (vs -3 for initial). The actual was -4. So, his final missed by +1.5. This is the only one of the 10 that was actually cold, for which he missed too warm, and for which he revised warmer. This also was his coldest fcast. His earlier fcast was slightly better (miss by +1).

 

So, for the 5 non-mild NYC winters:

-The avg of the absolute value of his final fcast misses was 1. The avg bias was -0.5. The range: -2.5 to +1.5.

-He revised 4 of the 5 (3 cooler and 1 warmer). 
———————————

 

C. Summary of all of last 10 winters at NYC:

-He did well when winter wasn’t mild as his bias for those was only -0.5 and avg absolute value of misses was only 1. His coldest fcast was for the coldest winter.

-He did poorly when winter was mild with a bias/avg miss of -5.5 (avg absolute value of misses was 5.5). He didn’t predict a single mild winter. He was able to predict well the one cold winter. He’d be a much better forecaster if he’d improve on forecasting mild winters but that’s hard to do when he doesn’t forecast them. That’s why I route for him to predict mild and stick with it.

-None of his 10 final forecasts were mild (warmest +0.5/NN) (5 were NN and 5 were BN) as they were from warmest to coldest:

+0.5, +0.5, 0, -0.5, -1, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2.5

 That means that IF his final fcast of +1 for 24-5 doesn’t change, it would still be the warmest since at least 2014-5 despite the cooler revision from +2 to +1.

-6 of the 10 winters were +1 or warmer. The avg of the winters was +2 vs his avg of final fcasts of -1. So, he was too cold by 3 on avg for the 10 winters! So, a bias correction of +3 would probably be appropriate.

-He predicted on avg -1.3 for the 5 warmest winters and -0.9 for the 5 coldest winters

-He had revisions for 6 of the 10. Of these 6, 5 resulted in a worse forecast and only one a better forecast. Of these 6, 5 were revised cooler just like the one he just did for 2024-5. Only 2014-5 was revised slightly warmer. 
@bluewave

@donsutherland1

He is already doing his yearly wash, rinse, repeat ‘cold and snowy east coast from Thanksgiving through New Year’s Day’ hype. I have no doubt whatsoever that he will be predicting below average temps and above average snow for the east coast, December - March by the end of November. It’s the time of year where he peddles likes, follows, retweets and subscription money from his I-95 weenie base

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22 hours ago, donsutherland1 said:

Currently, the ECMWF outlook continues to call for a warmer than normal winter across much of North America.

image.png

Don, I just realized that this Euro winter outlook has 01/09/24 stamped on it. Did you realize that? Is this the latest? What about 01/10/24?

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20 hours ago, bluewave said:

No. I used dense rank sorting by temperature.

https://medium.com/@kumarsatwik25/rank-and-dense-rank-in-sql-23ffcf77611e

DENSE RANK ():

The DENSE_RANK () function is a window function in SQL that assigns a unique rank to each distinct row within a result set, based on a specified ordering. Unlike the RANK () function, DENSE_RANK () does not leave gapsin the rank sequence when there are ties in the ordering. It ensures that rows with the same values in the ORDER BY clause receive the same rank, and the next rank is then incremented without any gaps.

 

Oh ok that explains it. Definitely not a fan of Dense-Ranking. It gives a completely inaccurate assessment.

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16 hours ago, GaWx said:

*Fwiw* JB keeps hinting at a cold Nov/Thanksgiving/Dec for the E US. I’m not putting much weight on that for obvious reasons. Also, on Oct 8th he ditched his +2 for Megapolis for Nov-Mar for a NN (+1). And that’s obviously subject to further cooling in later updates. Keep this in mind: Since at the very least 2014-5 (because they’re all circulating on the internet back to then), JB has yet to have a mild FINAL Megapolis winter forecast. With the number of mild winters (5 of the 10) there have been, that’s not a good record. The ones 3+ AN at NYC since 2014-5 for those who don’t know were 2015-6, 2016-7, 2019-20, 2022-3, and 2023-4.

 

A. The 5 mild NYC winters (vs respective 30 yr mean):

-JB had -1 for Nov-Mar 2023-4 vs actual of +4 (DJF N/A). So, he missed by -5

-He had +0.5 for DJF 2022-3 vs actual of +5. So, he missed by -4.5

-He had -2 for his final DJF 2019-20 (vs earlier fcast of +0.5) vs actual of +3.5. So, his final missed by -5.5. So, his earlier fcast was not as bad (miss by -3).

-He had -2 for his final DJF 2016-7 (vs earlier fcast of 0) vs actual of +4. So, his final missed by -6. So, his earlier fcast wasn’t as bad (miss by -4).

-He had -2 for both his initial and final fcasts for DJF 2015-6 vs actual of +5.5. So, he missed by -7.5.

 

 So, for the 5 mild NYC winters:

-The avg of the absolute value of his final fcast misses was 5.5 and his avg bias was -5.5. The range was -4.5 to -7.5.

-He revised 2 of the 5 significantly colder, which resulted in larger - misses.

—————————

B. The 5 non-mild NYC winters:
 

-2021-2 had -0.5 for final Nov-Mar (vs 0 for initial). The actual was +1 (DJF N/A). So, his final missed by -1.5 and his earlier fcast was slightly better (missed by -1.0).

-2020-1 had +0.5 for his final DJF (vs +3 for his earlier). The actual was +0.5. So, his final was perfect! Also, his earlier fcast wasn’t so good (missed by +2.5) meaning his change was great!

-2018-9 had -2 for his final/initial DJF vs actual of +0.5. So, he missed by -2.5.

-2017-8 had 0 for his final DJF (vs +0.5 for initial). The actual was +0.5. So, his final missed by only -0.5. His earlier fcast was perfect.

-2014-5 had -2.5 for his final DJF (vs -3 for initial). The actual was -4. So, his final missed by +1.5. This is the only one of the 10 that was actually cold, for which he missed too warm, and for which he revised warmer. This also was his coldest fcast. His earlier fcast was slightly better (miss by +1).

 

So, for the 5 non-mild NYC winters:

-The avg of the absolute value of his final fcast misses was 1. The avg bias was -0.5. The range: -2.5 to +1.5.

-He revised 4 of the 5 (3 cooler and 1 warmer). 
———————————

 

C. Summary of all of last 10 winters at NYC:

-He did well when winter wasn’t mild as his bias for those was only -0.5 and avg absolute value of misses was only 1. His coldest fcast was for the coldest winter.

-He did poorly when winter was mild with a bias/avg miss of -5.5 (avg absolute value of misses was 5.5). He didn’t predict a single mild winter. He was able to predict well the one cold winter. He’d be a much better forecaster if he’d improve on forecasting mild winters but that’s hard to do when he doesn’t forecast them. That’s why I route for him to predict mild and stick with it.

-None of his 10 final forecasts were mild (warmest +0.5/NN) (5 were NN and 5 were BN) as they were from warmest to coldest:

+0.5, +0.5, 0, -0.5, -1, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2.5

 That means that IF his final fcast of +1 for 24-5 doesn’t change, it would still be the warmest since at least 2014-5 despite the cooler revision from +2 to +1.

-6 of the 10 winters were +1 or warmer. The avg of the winters was +2 vs his avg of final fcasts of -1. So, he was too cold by 3 on avg for the 10 winters! So, a bias correction of +3 would probably be appropriate.

-He predicted on avg -1.3 for the 5 warmest winters and -0.9 for the 5 coldest winters

-He had revisions for 6 of the 10. Of these 6, 5 resulted in a worse forecast and only one a better forecast. Of these 6, 5 were revised cooler just like the one he just did for 2024-5. Only 2014-5 was revised slightly warmer. 
@bluewave

@donsutherland1

You might be the only person alive with the patience and dedication to work up a verification like this!

Like many of you, I also grew up watching JB’s Accuweather vids and loved his enthusiasm.  I still think he’s probably an all-around good guy, but I can’t for the life of me understand how a person with such scientific training can allow their brain to become pickled in the nonsense he puts out in almost crusade-like fashion.  Fascinating, in a way.

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4 hours ago, FPizz said:

Whomever is the forecaster that can find the cold period(s) inside the warmer winters wins and deserves major props.  Otherwise I think we all know that it is going to be warmer the vast majority of the time and it doesn't take much skill anymore to predict that.  

Actually there still are and will be colder than normal winters, so when that happens It will be interesting to see how the models and the pros do with the forecast. This winter could be a good test with a pretty decent consensus forming for colder than normal anomalies developing in Canada as winter progresses....how far into the northern US they will spread is a bigger question mark. 

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40 minutes ago, michsnowfreak said:

Actually there still are and will be colder than normal winters, so when that happens It will be interesting to see how the models and the pros do with the forecast. This winter could be a good test with a pretty decent consensus forming for colder than normal anomalies developing in Canada as winter progresses....how far into the northern US they will spread is a bigger question mark. 

The last two Euros at least have had no BN anomalies in Canada or in any of N America on the latest one for that matter for DJF as a whole. The runs are pretty strongly suggesting AN dominating at least the E half of Canada. I haven’t seen the month by month breakdown but the Euro has a much stronger warm signal than the CFS.

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3 hours ago, michsnowfreak said:

Oh ok that explains it. Definitely not a fan of Dense-Ranking. It gives a completely inaccurate assessment.

It’s a more accurate way of keeping statistical rankings when the distribution becomes more skewed to either the top or bottom of the range. The old way came about when we were in a stable climate era and month after month wasn’t in the top 10 warmest. So ranks aren’t skipped since there can be numerous ties near the top 10 in a rapidly warming climate. Creating gaps due to numerous ties artificially pushes similar temperatures out of the top 10. The NWS out in Upton has been doing it this way also.

DENSE_RANK () does not leave gapsin the rank sequence when there are ties in the ordering. It ensures that rows with the same values in the ORDER BY clause receive the same rank, and the next rank is then incremented without any gaps

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2 hours ago, GaWx said:

The last two Euros at least have had no BN anomalies in Canada or in any of N America on the latest one for that matter for DJF as a whole. The runs are pretty strongly suggesting AN dominating at least the E half of Canada. I haven’t seen the month by month breakdown but the Euro has a much stronger warm signal than the CFS.

To clarify, I was referring to the model consensus, not just the euro. I don't buy the euros broadbrushed temp consensus. If it comes even close to verifying it will be unlike  any other nina, with temp anomalies ranging from near normal in southwest Canada to a total range of just +0.5-1.5° in the entire eastern third of the country. 

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2 hours ago, bluewave said:

It’s a more accurate way of keeping statistical rankings when the distribution becomes more skewed to either the top or bottom of the range. The old way came about when we were in a stable climate era and month after month wasn’t in the top 10 warmest. So ranks aren’t skipped since there can be numerous ties near the top 10 in a rapidly warming climate. Creating gaps due to numerous ties artificially pushes similar temperatures out of the top 10. The NWS out in Upton has been doing it this way also.

DENSE_RANK () does not leave gapsin the rank sequence when there are ties in the ordering. It ensures that rows with the same values in the ORDER BY clause receive the same rank, and the next rank is then incremented without any gaps

I'm shocked Upton does that. I've never seen any other nws do that. Regardless of who does or does not use it, with all due respect I think it's an absolutely ridiculous way of ranking things. So let's say there's a 100 year sample and you finish with a mean temp of 50.5°. In the other 99 years, 18 years were 50.6° or warmer and 81 years were 50.4° or colder. But instead of saying it's the 19th warmest on record, you use dense ranking and several were ties. So instead you say it's the 14th warmest on record, even though 18 years were warmer. Any years that finish with the same mean temp as a previous year get penalized for doing so and thus cease to exist. :wacko:. Ridiculous imo.

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24 minutes ago, michsnowfreak said:

I'm shocked Upton does that. I've never seen any other nws do that. Regardless of who does or does not use it, with all due respect I think it's an absolutely ridiculous way of ranking things. So let's say there's a 100 year sample and you finish with a mean temp of 50.5°. In the other 99 years, 18 years were 50.6° or warmer and 81 years were 50.4° or colder. But instead of saying it's the 19th warmest on record, you use dense ranking and several were ties. So instead you say it's the 14th warmest on record, even though 18 years were warmer. Any years that finish with the same mean temp as a previous year get penalized for doing so and thus cease to exist. :wacko:. Ridiculous imo.

It makes perfect sense if you understand that the ranking is done by the temperature and not the year. So multiple years can share the same temperature. It makes no sense to leave a gap in the ranks just because a tie occurs. 
 

Ties in scores are handled by giving the tied rows the same rank, and the next rank is then incremented without any gaps.

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4 hours ago, GaWx said:

The last two Euros at least have had no BN anomalies in Canada or in any of N America on the latest one for that matter for DJF as a whole. The runs are pretty strongly suggesting AN dominating at least the E half of Canada. I haven’t seen the month by month breakdown but the Euro has a much stronger warm signal than the CFS.

Fortunately, some sizable misses are still possible from this timeframe. For example, the October 2023 ECMWF forecast had most of western Canada 1°C-2°C above normal for February 2024, but the month actually wound up colder than normal in parts of that area. I suspect that there will be some BN anomalies in North America. The most likely areas are those areas shown with near normal readings right now. But that doesn't preclude some cold shots into the warmer areas on a periodic basis. I'm still reasonably optimistic that snowfall will be near normal to somewhat above normal from Chicago to Toronto. On a DJF basis, it was too cold with the Plains States.

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1 hour ago, bluewave said:

It makes perfect sense if you understand that the ranking is done by the temperature and not the year. So multiple years can share the same temperature. It makes no sense to leave a gap in the ranks just because a tie occurs. 
 

Ties in scores are handled by giving the tied rows the same rank, and the next rank is then incremented without any gaps.

I’m with bluewave here. I’ve been using SQL for 12+ years, including window functions. It makes more sense to non-technical audiences to portray data like this (I made these values up):

Year | Avg Temp | Rank
2022  53.6  1st
2003  53.4  2nd
2016  53.0  3rd Tie
1977  53.0  3rd Tie
2005  52.9 4th

Than this:

2022  53.6  1st
2003  53.4  2nd
2016  53.0  3rd Tie
1977  53.0  3rd Tie
2005  52.9 5th (note there is no 4th place)

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31 minutes ago, Terpeast said:

I’m with bluewave here. I’ve been using SQL for 12+ years, including window functions. It makes more sense to non-technical audiences to portray data like this (I made these values up):

Year | Avg Temp | Rank
2022  53.6  1st
2003  53.4  2nd
2016  53.0  3rd Tie
1977  53.0  3rd Tie
2005  52.9 4th

Than this:

2022  53.6  1st
2003  53.4  2nd
2016  53.0  3rd Tie
1977  53.0  3rd Tie
2005  52.9 5th (note there is no 4th place)

I understand, I just don't agree with it personally. Always been big into stats so that's just the way I've always ranked them.

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13 hours ago, PhiEaglesfan712 said:

I think most reasonable people are in agreement that this upcoming winter will be 2 warm months and one cool one, with January being one of the warm months.

Accuweather is calling for a warmer than average winter with below average snowfall. February will be the best month for snow chances, but there could also be some storms in early December: https://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/winter-forecast-for-the-us-in-the-2024-25-season/1699821

I would go 2 warm and 2 cool, Dec-Jan BN and Feb-Mar AN. I would not forecast below normal temps though unless the signal for a cold/snowy winter was extreme like it was going into the 2014-2015 winter. I don’t think it’s bad luck or anything that we had 9 AN winters in a row, it’s climate change.

This more than just me bitching about how horrible it’s been since the super Nino, even the good winters we had were AN temp wise. 2017-2018 is considered to be a severe winter with periods of extreme cold and snow by many, and it really was. It was downright frigid during that Dec-mid Jan stretch. March was an all out snow blitz, I got so much snow during that month that a big tree collapsed under the weight of the snow and had to be removed.

yet, even the severe 2017-2018 winter averaged AN temps simply due to the extreme magnitude of the warm periods when the pattern became unfavorable in Feb. What may have been +3 or +4 anomalies decades ago are now +7 to +8, and you see extreme shit like 70+ degrees in Feb. So even in an “average” up and down type of winter with a couple AN months and a couple BN months (where I’m expecting this winter to be), you are looking at AN temps simply due to the magnitude of the warmth when the pattern is unfavorable exceeding the magnitude of the cold when things get favorable. So despite me being more optimistic than most about this winter, I still am going with AN temps. Especially with how warm the ocean temps are (which could amplify SE ridging), 1 month of MJO camping in phases 4-6 can undo 2 months of BN anomalies. 

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