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Hurricane Sandy thread


usedtobe

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Yoda, Essentially the graph shows you how many standard deviations the forecast winds are from the average winds at that time of year. If the distribution is bell shaped, the 6 standard deviation wind field means this is a very rare event and that the 850 winds are rarely ever this strong at this time of year at the location where the winds are show.

The math of that statement is mind blowing. 6 sd above normal? I've never seen a z-score table go that high, but the probability of a data point being there has got to be somewhere in the 1 in a 1,000,000 category.

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The math of that statement is mind blowing. 6 sd above normal? I've never seen a z-score table go that high, but the probability of a data point being there has got to be somewhere in the 1 in a 1,000,000 category.

you have to be careful because that SD is computed from probably a 30-year sample which is pretty limited...extreme events can have large SDs over limited samples but if you had a more substantial sample it probably wouldn't be as high

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The math of that statement is mind blowing. 6 sd above normal? I've never seen a z-score table go that high, but the probability of a data point being there has got to be somewhere in the 1 in a 1,000,000 category.

If it's a bell curve that is true but the distribution probably isn't one. I know for moisture flux it is very skewed with a long tail on one side and a short one on the other so it isn't as high as 1 in a million. We actually did return frequency on 5 SD events for MF and it was no where near 100 year event.

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The math of that statement is mind blowing. 6 sd above normal? I've never seen a z-score table go that high, but the probability of a data point being there has got to be somewhere in the 1 in a 1,000,000 category.

Here's a return frequency of moisture flux which simply is the wind times the mixing ratio at 850 mb. Note how the return frequency for 6 SD. It is probably different for winds but the same thing holds.

post-70-0-13293300-1351475566_thumb.png

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Because the center of the storm is still moving to the NE?

From NWS Mount Holly:

THE RAIN SHIELD TO THE NORTHWEST OF THE CENTER CONTINUES TO SLOWLY

BACK INLAND, HOWEVER A FRONTAL BOUNDARY AT THE SURFACE DRAPED NOT

TO FAR TO OUR WEST REMAINS AND APPEARS TO BE PARTIALLY RESPONSIBLE

FOR A NORTH-SOUTH ORIENTATED BAND OF ENHANCED RAINFALL. THIS

NEARLY LOOKS TO BE SOME SORT OF DEFORMATION AXIS THAT HAS SETUP

FOR THE TIME BEING AND MAY MARK THE LOCATION OF WHERE THE HEAVIEST

RAIN ENDS UP PIVOTING LATER ON.

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you have to be careful because that SD is computed from probably a 30-year sample which is pretty limited...extreme events can have large SDs over limited samples but if you had a more substantial sample it probably wouldn't be as high

Exactly. The statistical plots are useful, but you have be realize that the data sets are somewhat limited. While 5SD is significant, it is considerably less significant against a 30 year data set that it is against a hypothetical 100 or 150 year data set.

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Wes and Chris, I guess I immediately thought of a normally distributed set of data. Thanks for your replies. Stats is a little fuzzy area for me as I rarely have to deal with it.

no prob....events like this don't fit into a normal distribution very well (at least given our limited observational record)...so in general we don't have the record to really accurately quantify how anomalous an event like this actually is

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If it's a bell curve that is true but the distribution probably isn't one. I know for moisture flux it is very skewed with a long tail on one side and a short one on the other so it isn't as high as 1 in a million. We actually did return frequency on 5 SD events for MF and it was no where near 100 year event.

I am curious, what was the closest to 100 years that you got?

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Is it just me or is the NAM going to be south?

I don't remember, Remember our data set was only using the reanalysis data which 60 years of data but based on a 30 year mean (If I remember correctly) There was a pretty good correlation between the major ca rainfall events and the high MF anomaly values. Of course CA events are modulated strongly by terrain and having moisture plumes or atmospheric rivers running into the coastal ranges and sierra range.

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Interesting info in latest AFD thus far --- I am archiving this

000

FXUS61 KLWX 290112

AFDLWX

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BALTIMORE MD/WASHINGTON DC

912 PM EDT SUN OCT 28 2012

.SYNOPSIS...

HURRICANE SANDY REMAINS ABOUT 475 MILES SOUTHEAST OF WASHINGTON D.C.

THE STORM IS FORECAST TO CURVE TOWARD THE COAST ON MONDAY...AND

MOVE INLAND NEAR THE JERSEY SHORE MONDAY NIGHT. THE POST-TROPICAL

CYCLONE WILL THEN SLOWLY TRACK INLAND INTO PENNSYLVANIA. THIS

LARGE STORM WILL BRING SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS TO THE ENTIRE REGION

THROUGH MIDWEEK. CONDITIONS WILL IMPROVE FOR THE SECOND HALF OF

THE WORK WEEK.

&&

.NEAR TERM /UNTIL 6 AM MONDAY MORNING/...

FCST TNGT REMAINS ON TRACK. SANDY MOVING TO THE NORTHEAST TONIGHT...

REMAINING WELL OFF THE COAST OF SOUTHEAST VIRGINIA BEFORE SWINGING

BACK TO THE NORTHWEST MONDAY AND MONDAY NIGHT AND MAKING LANDFALL

ALONG THE JERSEY SHORE EARLY TUESDAY. PLEASE CONTINUE TO REFER TO

THE LATEST ADVISORIES FROM THE NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER FOR

UPDATES TO THE POSITION/TRACK OF SANDY.

RAIN HAS BEEN ALIGNED ALONG THE EASTERN SHORE OF MARYLAND THROUGH

MUCH OF THE DAY WITH LITTLE WESTERN MOVEMENT. A GRADUAL WWD DRIFT

HAS BEGUN. WITH THE NE FLOW AND SUBTLE NOCTURNAL COOLING...ALSO HV

LGT RA/DZ FILLING IN ACRS THE REST OF THE AREA. STILL XPCT MDT

RAIN TO MV WWD ACRS CWFA OVNGT...SPCLY FOR CNTYS E OF THE BLURDG.

WINDS WILL ALSO CONTINUE TO INCREASE THROUGHOUT THE NIGHT...LIKELY

REACHING 40 TO 45 MPH PRIOR TO DAYBREAK. ALREADY HV 40-45 KT GUSTS

INVOF HAMPTON ROADS. THESE WNDS SHUD SPREAD WWD ACCOMPANYING THE RAFL.

&&

.SHORT TERM /6 AM MONDAY MORNING THROUGH WEDNESDAY/...

AT THE START OF MONDAY...THE CENTER OF SANDY IS FORECAST TO BE

AROUND 400 MILES EAST-SOUTHEAST OF WASHINGTON. HOWEVER...AS WE

HAVE BEEN STRESSING...THIS IS AN EXPANSIVE STORM AND SO CONDITIONS

/WHICH ARE ALREADY BREEZY WITH RAIN SPREADING WEST OVER THE BAY/

WILL CONTINUE TO DETERIORATE DURING THE DAY MONDAY...AND KEEP

GOING DOWNHILL AFTER THAT. ALL THE DETAILS OF THE FORECAST ARE IN

OUR GRAPHICAL AND TEXT FORECAST PRODUCTS...BUT JUST AS A SUMMARY

OF WHAT TO EXPECT:

RAINFALL/FLOODING...WILL BE DISCUSSED IN HYDROLOGY SECTION BELOW.

FLOOD THREAT IS SIGNIFICANT SO PLEASE REFER TO THAT.

WINDS...WE ARE ALREADY GUSTING TO 30 MPH AT TIMES IN SPOTS...AND

THAT WILL BE CONTINUING TO INCREASE. WE ARE EXPANDING THE HIGH

WIND WARNING TO START AT 8 AM MONDAY IN ALL AREAS...THOUGH IN SOME

OF THE WESTERN VALLEYS IT MAY STILL BE CLOSER TO NOON. A PROLONGED

PERIOD OF POWERFUL AND DANGEROUS WINDS IS EXPECTED...LASTING

LIKELY WELL INTO TUESDAY BEFORE GRADUALLY SUBSIDING. THIS

PROLONGED PERIOD OF WINDS WILL DO DAMAGE AND CREATE POWER OUTAGES.

SNOWFALL...YES...SNOWFALL. XPCT COLD AIR TO WRAP ARND THE SWRN

SIDE OF THE STORM...BUT HV BEEN WRESTLING WITH HOW MUCH. THERMALLY

CONDS LOOK MARGINAL...BUT DYNAMICALLY IT LOOKS IDEAL. IN THE END

CANNOT IGNORE BUFKIT PTYPE OUTPUT NOR SREF GDNC ALL POINTING TO

COPIOUS SNOW. HV CONVERTED WINTER STORM WATCH TO A BLIZZARD

WARNING. THIS WL BE A DANGEROUS COMBO AS HEAVY SNOW WL BE COMBINED

WITH STRONG WINDS. EAST OF THE WESTERN FRONT...THE SNOW THREAT IS

EXTREMELY LOW. WL BE RUNNING WITH 6-12 INCHES THROUGH TUE. THERE

SHUD BE ADDTL ACCUMS IN UPSLOPE FLOW BYD THAT.

TIDAL/COASTAL FLOODING...WILL BE DISCUSSED IN TIDAL/COASTAL SECTION

BELOW. THIS THREAT IS VERY COMPLEX SO REFER TO THAT SECTION FOR A

DETAILED DISCUSSION.

BOTTOM LINE...THIS IS A VERY DANGEROUS STORM WHICH WILL AFFECT

THE ENTIRE AREA REGARDLESS OF WHERE THE STORM CENTER IS. PLEASE

REFER TO THE SUITE OF HAZARDOUS WEATHER BULLETINS/WARNINGS FOR

EVEN MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE IMPENDING STORM. ALSO PLEASE TAKE

THIS THREAT VERY SERIOUSLY...THIS IS GOING TO CREATE SIGNIFICANT

DISRUPTIONS OVER THE NEXT COUPLE DAYS. BE PREPARED TO AT LEAST

HUNKER DOWN FOR A WHILE...AND BE PREPARED FOR SOME SERIOUSLY

CHALLENGING CONDITIONS.

&&

.LONG TERM /WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY/...

THE MAIN WEATHER STORY IN THE EXTENDED IS THE POTENTIAL FOR A

PROLONGED UPSLOPE PERIOD IN THE FAR WEST. WHILE THE INTENSITY OF

SUCH AN EVENT WOULD BE ABSOLUTELY NOTHING COMPARED TO THE EARLY PART

OF THE WEEK...IT KEEPS THE LIGHT PRECIP MACHINE TURNED ON...PROBABLY

THROUGH THURSDAY OR FRIDAY. THERE IS A SMALL RISK OF PRECIPITATION

MAKING IT EVEN BEYOND THE WESTERN FRONT INTO THE REST OF THE

HIGHLANDS...MAYBE EVEN UP TO THE BLUE RIDGE.

FOR EVERYONE ELSE...THE EXTENDED PERIOD WILL BE THE CALM AFTER THE

STORM. TEMPERATURES WILL BE 5 TO 10 DEGREES BELOW NORMAL THROUGHOUT

THE PERIOD...WITH HIGHS MAINLY IN THE 50S IN LOWS IN THE UPPER 30S

TO AROUND 40.

&&

.AVIATION /01Z MONDAY THROUGH FRIDAY/...

NORTH/NORTHEAST WINDS WILL CONTINUE TO INCREASE OVER THE NEXT

12-18 HOURS...WITH SIGNIFICANT IMPACT FROM WINDS EXPECTED

BEGINNING MONDAY. EXPECT THE HUBS TO HAVE SUSTAINED WINDS ON

MONDAY OF 25 TO 35 KT WITH GUSTS REACHING 50 TO 55 KT. SIMILAR OR

STRONGER GUSTS ARE EXPECTED MONDAY NIGHT INTO TUESDAY.

CIGS/VSBYS DROPPING DUE TO LGT RAIN/DZ IN NELY FLOW. MDT RAIN WILL

TILT NORTHWEST...MAKING IT TO THE HUBS OVNGT AND SPREADING ACROSS

THE ENTIRE AREA BY MRNG. CONDS HV ALREADY DROPPED TO LOW END MVFR

TO HIGH END IFR. WL SEE FLGT CONDS AOB IFR OVNGT THRU THE DAY MON.

SEVERE IMPACTS ON AVIATION THROUGH TUESDAY WITH LOW CLOUDS...EXTREME

WINDS...AND HEAVY RAIN. CONDITIONS WILL SLOWLY IMPROVE TUESDAY NIGHT

AND NO IMPACTS TO AVIATION ARE EXPECTED FOR THE SECOND HALF OF THE

WEEK AT THE MAJOR TERMINALS.

&&

.MARINE...

HURRICANE FORCE WIND WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR THE ENTIRE

MARYLAND CHESAPEAKE BAY AND ALL THE VARIOUS INLETS...AND FOR THE

LOWERMOST PORTION OF THE TIDAL POTOMAC RIVER. IN THIS AREA...GUSTS

OF 65 KNOTS ARE POSSIBLE MONDAY AND MONDAY NIGHT. THE UPPER/MIDDLE

TIDAL POTOMAC RIVER REMAINS UNDER A STORM WARNING. BOTH OF THESE

WARNINGS ARE IN EFFECT THROUGH TUESDAY.

WINDS REACHING/EXCEEDING SCA CRITERIA WILL CONTINUE ACROSS THE

MARINE AREA THROUGH AT LEAST WEDNESDAY...AND I ACTUALLY HAVE WIND

GUSTS MEETING SCA CRITERIA IN AT LEAST A PORTION OF THE WATERS

THROUGH MOST OF THE FORECAST PERIOD. HIGH PRESSURE COULD BUILD IN

AND WEAKEN THE WIND FIELDS BY NEXT WEEKEND.

&&

.HYDROLOGY...

NO CHG TO THOUGHT PROCESS OF RAINFALL FCST. THE LATEST RAINFALL

PROJECTIONS HAVE COME IN HIGHER...AND WE WILL NOW SAY THAT 5-9

INCHES OF RAIN IS POSSIBLE IN THE I-270 CORRIDOR THROUGH THE DC

METRO AREA AND DOWN THROUGH SOUTHERN MARYLAND. AMOUNTS COULD BE

EVEN HIGHER CLOSE TO THE BAY. 3-5 INCHES OF RAIN IS EXPECTED IN

THE NORTHERN HIGHLANDS AND RAPPAHANNOCK BASIN...WITH LOWER AMOUNTS

OF JUST 1-3 INCHES IN THE STAUNTON/WAYNESBORO/

CHARLOTTESVILLE/HARRISONBURG AREAS.

OUR RAINFALL PROJECTIONS HAVE OVER AN INCH OF RAIN PER SIX HOUR

PERIOD FOR 24 HOURS IN THE AREA WHERE THE HEAVIEST RAIN IS

ANTICIPATED. SOME FLASH FLOODING WOULD OCCUR IF MORE THAN THIS IS

EXPECTED...AND IS ALSO POSSIBLE WITH LOWER AMOUNTS IN AREAS WHERE

FALLEN LEAVES /OR PERHAPS OTHER WIND-DRIVEN DEBRIS/ MAY CLOG

DRAINAGE SYSTEMS. THESE FACTORS ALSO APPLY FOR LONGER-DURATION

STREAM FLOODING...WHICH IS LIKELY TO BE SIGNIFICANT AND LENGTHY...

EVEN ON STREAMS THAT ARE USUALLY FAST TO RISE AND FALL.

THE FLOOD THREAT BEGINS LATE TONIGHT. THE SMALLER STREAM AND URBAN

FLOOD THREAT CONTINUES THROUGH TUESDAY. THEN WE TURN ATTENTION TO

THE RIVER FORECAST LOCATIONS. AT THIS TIME...FIVE OF THOSE POINTS

/CONOCOCHEAGUE...MONOCACY...OPEQUON...SENECA...AND ANTIETAM/ ARE

FORECAST TO GO TO FLOOD. WE HAVE BEEN INCLUDING THAT IN THE FLOOD

WATCH BUT WARNING DECISIONS WILL LIKELY COME TONIGHT OR TOMORROW IF

THE FORECASTS HOLD...WHICH SO FAR...THEY HAVE.

IF EVERYTHING PLAYS OUT AS FORECAST...THE CREST MAY NOT GET DOWN TO

LITTLE FALLS UNTIL FRIDAY OR SATURDAY.

&&

.TIDES/COASTAL FLOODING...

THE TIDAL SITUATION IS VERY COMPLEX AND EVEN A LITTLE BIT CONFUSING.

BUT WILL TRY TO BREAK IT DOWN HERE. TIDAL ANOMALIES HAVE BEEN

IN THE 1 TO 2 FT RANGE. ADVISORY REMAINS OUT FOR ALEXANDRIA AND

THE ENTIRE WESTERN BAY AND LOWER TIDAL POTOMAC. AS THE

NORTHERLY/NORTHWESTERLY WINDS INCREASE...WE SHOULD BLOW OUT THE

HIGH WATER IN MOST OF OUR TIDAL REGION LATE TONIGHT AND TOMORROW.

AT THIS POINT THOUGH...WE WILL LEAVE THE EXISTING ADVISORY IN

PLACE UNTIL THE BLOWOUT STARTS. IT CAN ALWAYS BE CANCELLED WHEN IT

BEGINS.

ONCE THE STORM MOVES INLAND...WINDS WILL TURN OUT OF THE SOUTH LATE

MONDAY NIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY NIGHT AND STILL BE QUITE STRONG. THIS

WILL PUSH WATER UP THE BAY AND TIDAL POTOMAC...AND AT THAT TIME THE

TIDAL FLOOD THREAT MARKEDLY INCREASES. HAVE RAISED A COASTAL FLOOD

WARNING FROM MIDNIGHT MONDAY NIGHT THROUGH TUESDAY NIGHT. MODERATE

FLOODING IS POSSIBLE. A MAJOR FLOOD IS NOT EXPECTED AT THIS POINT.

THE WIND FIELD BEYOND TUESDAY NIGHT IS MUCH MORE UNCERTAIN...SO IT

IS NOT YET CLEAR WHETHER WE WILL REMAIN ELEVATED...GRADUALLY DROP...

OR PERHAPS BLOW OUT YET AGAIN.

&&

.CLIMATE...

PRELIMINARY INFORMATION ON LOWEST PRESSURE RECORDED AT WASHINGTON DC

AND BALTIMORE MD...BOTH MEASURED IN THE MARCH 1993 SUPER STORM...

WASH DC... 28.54 INCHES HG 966.5 MB MEASURED AT 23Z ON 13 MARCH 1993

BALT MD... 28.52 INCHES HR 965.9 MB MEASURED AT 00Z ON 14 MARCH 1993

THESE VALUES WERE ARRIVED AT BY SEARCHING AN INTERNAL DATABASE OF

OBSERVATIONS MAINTAINED UNOFFICIALLY HERE AT THE WEATHER OFFICE. THE

DATABASE GOES BACK TO 1929.

&&

This storm is absolutely FASCINATING.

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In winter this is when I get slammed for ruining someones life because the forecast busted.

I repeat my commitment to credit CWG for sensible warnings if this fails to turn west and I wake up with power on Wednesday. But, since that won't happen, thanks for your work so far. It has been a great, if terrifying set of information.

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