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Historic Tornado Outbreak April 27, 2011


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Yesterday's runs... while having a very impressive synoptic system... were very forced in a linear fashion for Wednesday. Upward velocities were extremely strong and with a very linear configuration. This, combined with the low-level jet axis being just ahead of the surface boundary on yesterday's runs... restricting the low-level convergence to just ahead of the surface cold front... really screamed a linear storm mode. With this lower amplitude trough configuration, we have trended toward a situation where low-level convergence associated with the western side of the low-level jet is spaced significantly ahead of the surface front... and the upward velocities on the synoptic scale are also more spaced out and subtle. Also, while this won't really back the surface winds toward a southeasterly direction... we're seeing the 850-mb winds trend more SSW to SW, overtop the due south surface winds... which is a more classic configuration for our big tornado days in this part of the country. We often don't see events with a SE sfc flow work out because of the trajectories of the low-level air mass. In fact, all four of Alabama's F5 tornadoes in history happened with surface winds ranging from due S to SW... and an 850-mb flow out of the SSW to SW. While the synoptic system isn't quite as strong on today's model runs... we've stepped away from more of a forced, linear storm mode... and toward more subtle forcing overtop a weakly capped LLJ axis with significant instability. Any veering of the 850-mb jet toward the SSW to SW is going to rapidly ramp up 0-1 km storm relative helicity values... and 0-3 km values are already progged to be sky high. My main concern with Wednesday down here is actually that we may have a little bit of a problem with LCL heights if we reach some of the progged surface temperatures shown in some of the model guidance.

Edited for typo.

Thanks for the info Fred. I won't lie I know little of southeast severe climo. I guess I was mostly referencing farther N, but all your points make good sense.

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Hey guys we are literally swamped here - never been this busy with any event

What do some of you think about the Tuesday night into Wednesday time frame for southern IL and western KY - some mets are thinking further east of here - wondering if anyone can give me specific thoughts

Thanks ahead of time

Nahh it seems like on the models the storm keeps showing itself a little bit stronger than the one before although I'll admit I haven't had a chance to really look today. Plus the winds aloft will be absolutely screaming in that vicinity. I think it'll be about a little bit west of where current thoughts are but who knows

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I hope not

This is a mess - I have multiple friends and family that may be threatened now by flood waters. Talked to some local meteorologists and needless to say there is a lot of discouragement here - most have not been able to even put together forecasts like highs and low temperatures - they are just grabbing straight off raw model numbers.

It has been non-stop for the last few days.

This is a once in a lifetime series of events down here.

Defin appreciate any thoughts on the TUE/WED event because it is important.

Yeah those numbers the HPC were throwing out of 10+" down there in 5 days in insane. Up here we've seen major flooding the last few years from 2-4" on top of a snowpack, I can't imagine what that amount of rain would do, nor would anyone want to. I'll admit though there are so many variables still up in the air it's scary considering the potential this storm has

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From this evening IND AFD with respect to Wed. system...

VARIANCE STILL EXISTS IN THE EVENTUAL TRACK OF THIS FINAL

SYSTEM...WITH THE ENSEMBLES CONVERGING ON A TRACK FROM SOUTHERN

ILLINOIS THROUGH WESTERN INDIANA ON THE WESTERN END...TO ACROSS

SOUTHEAST INDIANA INTO WESTERN OHIO ON THE EASTERN END. APPEARS

THERE MAY BE STRONG DEEP SHEAR OVER THE WARM SECTOR WITH GOOD

ALIGNMENT OF THE LOWER AND UPPER LEVEL JETS POSSIBLE...SO THE TRACK

OF THIS LOW WILL HAVE TO BE WATCHED.

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Day 2 Moderate risk

day2probotlk_0600_any.gif

DAY 2 CONVECTIVE OUTLOOK

NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK

0100 AM CDT MON APR 25 2011

VALID 261200Z - 271200Z

...THERE IS A MDT RISK OF SVR TSTMS ACROSS FAR NORTHEAST

TEXAS...SOUTHERN AND EASTERN ARKANSAS...WESTERN

TENNESSEE...NORTHWEST MISSISSIPPI...AND NORTHERN LOUISIANA...

...THERE IS A SLGT RISK OF SVR TSTMS ACROSS A LARGER PORTION OF THE

EASTERN U.S. FROM THE NORTHEAST/E COAST STATES TO THE LOWER MS

VALLEY/SRN PLAINS...

...SYNOPSIS...

VERY LARGE UPPER TROUGH WILL REMAIN IN PLACE OVER THE CENTRAL

CONUS...AS ONE SHORTER-WAVELENGTH FEATURE SHIFTS INTO THE GREAT

LAKES AND A SECOND DIGS SEWD OUT OF THE ROCKIES. A SURFACE

BAROCLINIC ZONE IS EXPECTED TO EXTEND FROM THE GREAT LAKES/OH VALLEY

SWWD INTO N TX...AND WILL SERVE AS A FOCUS FOR WIDESPREAD SEVERE

CONVECTION -- INCLUDING THE POSSIBILITY OF A LOCAL SEVERE WEATHER

OUTBREAK FOCUSED FROM THE ARKLATEX REGION INTO THE MID MS VALLEY

REGION.

...ARKLATEX REGION ENEWD INTO THE LOWER/MID MS VALLEY...

COMPLEX -- BUT POTENTIALLY SIGNIFICANT/DANGEROUS -- SEVERE WEATHER

EVENT IS UNFOLDING FOR THIS AREA FOR DAY 2 /TUE. AND EARLY WED./.

STORMS WILL LIKELY BE ONGOING AT THE START OF THE PERIOD...SHIFTING

EWD/ENEWD INTO THE OH/TN VALLEYS ALONG WITH ONGOING SEVERE

POTENTIAL.

GREATER SEVERE THREAT FOR THIS REGION HOWEVER WILL EVOLVE LATER IN

THE DAY...AS AN INITIAL SHORT-WAVE TROUGH DEPARTING NEWD IS FOLLOWED

BY A SECOND/DIGGING FEATURE SHIFTING QUICKLY SEWD OUT OF THE ROCKIES

AND INTO THE SRN PLAINS.

AS THIS OCCURS...BACKING/INTENSIFYING LOW-LEVEL FLOW FIELD IS

FORECAST...WITH A 70-PLUS KT LOW-LEVEL JET TO SHIFT EWD FROM NE TX

ACROSS AR/LA DURING THE EVENING...BENEATH MID-LEVEL WLYS INCREASING

TO 70 TO 80 KT.

AS THE UPPER SYSTEM APPROACHES...SURFACE CYCLOGENESIS WILL OCCUR

ALONG THE WARM FRONT...SHIFTING EWD ACROSS N TX AND AR TOWARD THE

MID MS VALLEY LATE. STORMS SHOULD INITIATE DURING THE AFTERNOON

ACROSS NE TX AND QUICKLY BECOME SUPERCELLULAR...WITH LARGE

HAIL...DAMAGING WINDS...AND TORNADOES EXPECTED. A SUBSTANTIAL

TORNADO THREAT APPEARS LIKELY TO EVOLVE -- SPREADING ACROSS NRN

LA/AR AND THEN INTO WRN TN/NWRN MS LATE. ALONG WITH TORNADO

POTENTIAL...DAMAGING WIND/LARGE HAIL THREAT WILL ALSO ACCOMPANY THE

STORMS THROUGH THE END OF THE PERIOD -- POSSIBLY EXTENDING AS FAR E

AS MIDDLE TN/NRN AR/NWRN GA BY 27/12Z.

...LOWER GREAT LAKES REGION/OH AND TN VALLEYS...

THUNDERSTORMS ONGOING AT THE START OF THE PERIOD WILL CONTINUE

SHIFTING NEWD ACROSS THE TN/OH VALLEYS AND INTO THE LOWER GREAT

LAKES REGION. THIS WILL OCCUR AS STRONG SHORT-WAVE TROUGH SHIFTS

ACROSS THIS AREA FOCUSING LARGE-SCALE UVV ALONG A SURFACE COLD FRONT

EXTENDING SWWD ACROSS THE MID MS VALLEY INTO TX. WHILE AFTERNOON

HEATING MAY BE HINDERED BY WIDESPREAD PRECIPITATION/CLOUD

COVER...LOCAL AREAS OF GREATER DESTABILIZATION WILL SUPPORT

AFTERNOON INCREASE IN STORM COVERAGE AND INTENSITY -- AS FAR NE AS

PA AND NY NEAR THE SURFACE WARM FRONT.

WITH A STRONG SWLY FLOW FIELD ALOFT ACROSS THIS ENTIRE AREA

/LOW-LEVEL FLOW INCREASING FROM 50 TO 65 KT IN THE 850 TO 500 MB

LAYER/...SHEAR WILL SUPPORT ORGANIZED/ROTATING STORMS...ALONG WITH

LINEAR/BOWING SEGMENTS. ALONG WITH SOME THREAT FOR HAIL...DAMAGING

WINDS WILL BE LIKELY ALONG WITH THE POTENTIAL FOR ISOLATED

TORNADOES. THE THREAT SHOULD SPREAD EWD WITH TIME AS THE FRONT

SLOWLY ADVANCES...WITH SOME THREAT LIKELY LINGERING INTO THE

OVERNIGHT HOURS INTO NY/PA/WV.

...CAROLINAS/VA...

WEAK SHORT-WAVE FEATURES SHIFTING NEWD ACROSS THIS REGION --

EMBEDDED WITHIN CYCLONIC FLOW FIELD AHEAD ON THE ERN FRINGE OF THE

LARGE CENTRAL U.S. TROUGH -- WILL SUPPORT A BROAD ZONE OF AFTERNOON

THUNDERSTORM DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THIS AREA. WITH HEATING OF THE

MOIST BOUNDARY LAYER AIRMASS OCCURING THROUGH THE DAY...INSTABILITY

WILL BECOME SUFFICIENT -- IN CONJUNCTION WITH MODERATE/VEERING FLOW

WITH HEIGHT -- TO SUPPORT ORGANIZED/LOCALLY SEVERE

STORMS...INCLUDING THREATS FOR HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS...AND AN

ISOLATED TORNADO. WITHOUT A CLEAR LOW-LEVEL FOCUSING

MECHANISM...WITH MAINTAIN ONLY 15%/SLIGHT RISK FORECAST ATTM --

GIVEN THE BROAD/UNFOCUSED THREAT AREA.

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lol... off the charts anyone?

Yeah I saw that too. Euro, CMC, UK and NAM all suggesting some sort of mesoscale complex rapidly propagating northward associated with that low amplitude leading wave ahead of the main anomaly overnight Tuesday into Wed and some sort of freak nasty theta-e inflow. Honestly never seen soundings or wind fields like that before.

post-999-0-82685600-1303714274.png

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Amazing shear, but not a terribly high amount of instability in the sounding.

It is propagating along the warm front--you can see it in the theta-e fields. It is definitely feeding off the moist inflow. It is definitely convective in nature--no other way to explain 90 kt 850 wind fields. Oddly enough Euro, CMC, UK all suggest this type of feature.

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Obv convective feedback induced, but that 75kt at H85 is nonetheless impressive. 1000 m2s2 0-3 helicity to boot.

I've just never seen a hodograph that was literally "off the charts" on twisterdata like that.

I don't think there is any "convective feedback" here. Typically convective feedback is produced by overcooked convection--usually in situations with massive CAPE fields and weak shear. Old GFS displayed that when it tried to develop sub-grid scale convection under those scenarios. Classic convective feedback is a mass amount of unrealistic latent heat released by the models in the mid-troposphere which then unrealistically warms the mid levels and cripples the dynamic/thermal fields. NAM/GFS had this on full display during the Groundhogs Day storm. The old GFS bullseyes in the VV/vorticity fields were another example.

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It is propagating along the warm front--you can see it in the theta-e fields. It is definitely feeding off the moist inflow. It is definitely convective in nature--no other way to explain 90 kt 850 wind fields. Oddly enough Euro, CMC, UK all suggest this type of feature.

Oh you are talking about that NAM meso low that formed? Yeah that definitely had a convectively induced look to it, although it is interesting that the other models all show it. Might be something to monitor the potential of as we move through next few days.

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Oh you are talking about that NAM meso low that formed? Yeah that definitely was convectively induced, although it is interesting that the other models all show it. Might be something to monitor the potential of as we move through next few days.

Yeah I was guessing that was where thewxmann pulled the crazy soundings. I saw those too earlier--interesting to see if/how that feature develops.

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I don't think there is any "convective feedback" here. Typically convective feedback is produced by overcooked convection--usually in situations with massive CAPE fields and weak shear. Old GFS displayed that when it tried to develop sub-grid scale convection under those scenarios. Classic convective feedback is a mass amount of unrealistic latent heat released by the models in the mid-troposphere which then unrealistically warms the mid levels and cripples the dynamic/thermal fields. NAM/GFS had this on full display during the Groundhogs Day storm. The old GFS bullseyes in the VV/vorticity fields were another example.

Gotcha. What I really meant was a "convective response", which you alluded to in earlier posts. Thanks for the clarification.

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Yeah I was guessing that was where thewxmann pulled the crazy soundings. I saw those too earlier--interesting to see if/how that feature develops.

Yeah, if it were to develop you'd have a severe backing of the winds at the surface, and the potential of significant tornado action would skyrocket.

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Day 3 Mod too

day3prob_0730.gif

DAY 3 CONVECTIVE OUTLOOK

NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK

0230 AM CDT MON APR 25 2011

VALID 271200Z - 281200Z

...THERE IS A MDT RISK OF SVR TSTMS ACROSS PARTS OF CENTRAL AND

EASTERN KENTUCKY...MIDDLE AND EASTERN TENNESSEE...NORTHEAST

MISSISSIPPI...CENTRAL AND NORTHERN ALABAMA...AND NORTHWEST

GEORGIA...

...THERE IS A SLGT RISK OF SVR TSTMS ACROSS A LARGE PORTION OF THE

ERN U.S. FROM THE LOWER AND MID MS/OH VALLEYS EWD...

...SYNOPSIS...

A LARGE UPPER TROUGH WILL CONTINUE SHIFTING EWD ACROSS THE U.S. THIS

PERIOD...WITH A POTENT SHORT-WAVE TROUGH/SPEED MAX SHIFTING EWD INTO

THE MID SOUTH REGION INTO THE AFTERNOON. AS THIS OCCURS...SECONDARY

SURFACE LOW DEVELOPMENT IS EXPECTED ALONG THE COLD FRONT S OF THE

MAIN GREAT LAKES REGION LOW. THIS SYNOPTIC-SCALE SETUP FAVORS

SIGNIFICANT SEVERE WEATHER POTENTIAL E OF THE MS VALLEY.

...PA/NW SSWWD TO THE GULF COAST...

YET ANOTHER DAY OF POTENTIALLY VERY SIGNIFICANT SEVERE WEATHER IS

EXPECTED DAY 3 /WED. AND EARLY THU. APR. 27 AND 28/ -- WITH ELEVATED

THREAT FOR A TORNADO OUTBREAK EVIDENT ACROSS THE MID SOUTH AND INTO

PORTIONS OF THE CENTRAL GULF COAST STATES.

STRONG/SEVERE STORMS SHOULD BE ONGOING AT THE START OF THE PERIOD

ACROSS THE NWRN PORTIONS OF THE SLIGHT RISK AREA...AS THE POTENT

SHORT-WAVE TROUGH AND ASSOCIATED MID-/UPPER-LEVEL SPEED MAX ROUNDS

THE BASE OF THE LARGER-SCALE TROUGH. WHILE AN INITIAL SURFACE LOW

SHOULD SHIFT NNEWD ACROSS THE OH VALLEY/MIDWEST...SECONDARY SURFACE

LOW DEVELOPMENT IS FORECAST DURING THE AFTERNOON IN THE KY/TN

VICINITY...WITH LOCALLY-BACKED SURFACE FLOW VEERING/INCREASING

SUBSTANTIALLY WITH HEIGHT RESULTING IN SHEAR PROFILES VERY

SUPPORTIVE OF SUPERCELLS AND TORNADOES. THE MOST FAVORABLE

COMBINATION OF RICH LOW-LEVEL MOISTURE...STRONG SHEAR...FOCUSED

LARGE-SCALE ASCENT...AND ANTICIPATED LACK OF APPRECIABLE PRIOR

CONVECTION INDICATES A RELATIVELY HIGH-CONFIDENCE AREA OF

CONCENTRATED SIGNIFICANT THREAT FOR POTENTIALLY STRONG TORNADOES AND

WIDESPREAD WIND DAMAGE CENTERED OVER THE MID SOUTH/TN VALLEY REGION.

THEREFORE...WILL INTRODUCE MODERATE RISK FORECAST ATTM --

INDICATIVE OF OUTBREAK POTENTIAL.

ALONG WITH FAIRLY SUBSTANTIAL SEVERE POTENTIAL EXTENDING FARTHER

NNEWD INTO PA/NY -- INCLUDING THREATS FOR DAMAGING WINDS AND

ISOLATED TORNADOES...SEVERE STORMS WILL LIKELY ALSO EXTEND E OF THE

APPALACHIANS INTO THE ATLANTIC COAST STATES. ALONG WITH THE

LIKELIHOOD FOR AFTERNOON SEVERE CONVECTION...SEVERE CONVECTION MAY

CONTINUE INTO THE OVERNIGHT HOURS AS THE SURFACE FRONT CRESTS THE

APPALACHIANS.

..GOSS.. 04/25/2011

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