Quincy

The April tornado forecast was a trial run and a lot has been learned since it was made. After some success with that forecast, I will be incorporating a lot more statistical analysis (analog data) into coming up with a forecast for the month of May. Quickly recapping April: Overall, April was a fairly steady month for tornado reports across the U.S., with 21 out of 30 days reporting tornadoes. April 1-9 was very active, including a notable, early season EF-4 tornado in northern Illinois. April 10-18 was relatively inactive, but had tornadoes reported in all but two of those days. April 19-27 was rather active, but no single day featured a major or significant outbreak. Most of the tornadoes in the month were EF-1 or weaker, although the April 9th EF-4 was an exception. Preliminary tornado counts indicate that the month was near to slightly below average in tornado activity. The prior forecast issued on March 31st predicted slightly above average tornado counts. Once the numbers become official, I will get into more detail with comparing the forecast vs. actual. Before we get into May, there are some things to consider with the current state of the U.S. Although a long-term drought continues for much of the Plains, heavy rainfall throughout April reduced drought conditions considerably across portions of Oklahoma and Texas. This is critical, because relative tornado inactivity during the first half of spring 2014 across the Plains was at least partially attributed to a lack of available moisture. When we think about creating environments that support tornadoes, moisture is key and that moisture source can originate in Texas. Yes, the Gulf of Mexico is another player, but that moisture must also be able to track hundreds of miles inland, across the big state of Texas. Additionally, the overall atmospheric pattern has shifted somewhat, as although there has been continued troughiness across eastern Canada and the Northeast, we are seeing a trend toward more ridging developing. This will have many implications on how the tornado season evolves into May. With less blocking across northeast Canada toward the North Pole, that should tend to favor positive height tendencies as well. (Not to mention seasonality helps with that as well) For this outlook, the focus will be split into two portions. May 1-10 and May 11-31. I will still include breaking the month down into thirds at the end of the outlook, but keep in mind that specifics beyond May 10th lack the confidence needed to get into extreme detail in that time period. May is also a potentially volatile month, as one outbreak or even one day for tornadoes can effectively skew the big picture. It would be difficult to nearly impossible to predict any such outbreak more than 10 days in advance. The point of this outlook is to look at May as a whole. May 1st through 10th: After a quiet finish to the tornado season in April, the first few days of May look to continue that theme. This should not last long, though, as both the operational and ensemble forecast models are in strong agreement with the expected pattern. On paper, it looks encouraging for severe weather prospects. An upper level trough and surface low should exit the New England area may May 3rd, leaving the Lower 48 with a relatively zonal pattern, at least for a short-time. Downstream ridging across the East should give way to a digging trough across the West Coast by May 4th to 5th. With some blocking across eastern Canada, we are looking at western U.S. trough that will persist for several days, with potentially multiple impulses rotating around from the Intermountain West into the Plains. This could ultimately evolve in many ways. At this point, the most probable scenario would appear to be two to three, perhaps four, days that are conducive for minor to moderate severe weather events, including tornadoes. I would not want to write off the potential for a big event just yet, but it seems more likely that we will have a series of smaller events, kind of how April panned out. What will be working in the favor of severe weather will be the bonus of a better moisture source across the southern Plains and moderate to strong instability ahead of approaching shortwaves. It is the details that get somewhat muddled out, with the amount of clearing/destablization, storm mode, locally backed winds, etc. Essentially, the pattern looks favorable for severe weather and tornadoes, particularly between May 5th and 8th. As mentioned before, maybe only two of those days wind up decent for severe, but if the pattern lines up just right, there could be multiple tornadoes each day. Verdict: Near average tornado activity between May 1st and 10th. The period should begin quiet, but then see multiple days with at least modest tornado activity. The period may close out with a couple of quiet days as the pattern trends more zonal, assuming the model projections are correct. May 11st through 31st: I have put a lot of time into assessing analog data for this period and not so heavily relying upon forecast model ensembles, as was the case with the April tornado outlook. What has been most alarming lately is that the longer-range models have really struggled beyond day 10 over the past several weeks and have often showed little to no skill in the period of days 15 to 30. This means that the models have flip-flopped back and forth, giving little meaningful insight to what might lie ahead. Now, I am not totally discounting the models here. Sometimes they can struggle during a large scale pattern change, much like what we may be seeing into May. I put a fair amount of stock into the European ensembles/weeklies, but I think taking a look at the past will help shed some light on what might happen in the future. To come up with analogs, I have looked at two things in particular. First, I assessed the short-term model analogs for May 1-2. Secondly, I looked at the day 6-10 ensemble predictions from the GEFS and those analogs. There was some overlap and plenty of similarities to note. In the broad scheme, the analogs began with the western troughing/eastern ridging that we are expecting to see into the first week of May. The analogs are then in strong agreement with positive height anomalies along and east of the Rockies from the 2nd week of May, pretty much through the entire month. After gaining visibility to the latest 00/30 Euro Weeklies, pretty much the same is the case here. That only increases confidence in this forecast. I pretty much disregarded the CFS entirely for this outlook, as its members are all over the place for May and as an ensemble system, has not had a good track record as of late. Going back to the ridge axis, that is the key thing to consider. The indications, in general, point toward a mean ridge axis setting up somewhere between the Missouri River and the Mississippi River. The latter, or a further east ridge axis, would be more supportive of tornadoes, allowing for troughs to dig a bit further south and west into the Plains. Even the former would be encouraging, as it would tend to favor High Plains activity. That region has not had a great chase season in a while. Based on the reports, it appears as if 2010 was the last solid year there and 2008 was decent too, particularly across western Kansas. Either way, since we are looking at a broad period here and kind of splitting hairs, there is nothing necessarily stopping from a rogue, deep trough to swing through, although it would appear that if that was going to happen, it would tend to favor late May over mid-May. As a result, I am leaning toward a somewhat more active end to May, even though I do expect a fair amount of activity in the middle of the month as well. (When I say fair amount of activity, I expect several days with scattered severe reports, again, in some ways similar to what April featured) Verdict: Near average tornado activity between May 11th and 31st. The middle of May holds some potential, but is forecast to feature slightly below average tornado reports. Into late May, there are some indications that tornado activity could rebound to near to slightly above average levels with more potential activity. When looking at some of the recent analogs (over the past 25 years), 3 out of 4 had slightly to moderately below average tornado counts in May. On the flip side, they tended to favor average to even very active months of June. Since May 2015 does not appear to be a particularly close match to any of those analogs, I would take that information with a grain of salt. If anything, it does give at least some additional confidence in the thinking that May could end more active and lead into another active June. I do not want to get ahead of myself here, so we will hold off on further discussion about June until the next monthly tornado forecast. May 1-10 forecast: Near average tornado counts in the U.S. May 11-20 forecast: Slightly below average tornado counts in the U.S. May 21-31 forecast: Near to slightly above average tornado counts in the U.S. May 2015 tornado estimate: 260 tornadoes in the U.S. (near to slightly below average) For those wondering, the top 5 analogs are as follows, beginning with the given date and extending out 20 days: 4/28/1994, 5/12/1991, 4/28/1957, 5/10/1993 and 5/18/1977, in that order. The “recent” analogs mentioned earlier in the post were 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1994.

Have to admit I'm getting a bit concerned. I'd much rather have an overall favorable pattern than a couple of days that may or may not produce. The trend with the ensembles has been to knock the flow relatively zonal, but with positive height anomalies and pushing the jet north later into May. Although the 00/30 EC ENS showed more West Coast troughing by day 15, the ensembles have had poor consistency and verification beyond day 10 over the past several weeks. If you believe the CFS, it also shows signs of death ridging by mid-May. Looking at some more data throughout today and after the Euro Weeklies come out, I'll be ready to put a May tornado outlook together.

It's encouraging now to see this signal prevalent on a majority of the ensemble members, of both the Euro and GFS. Finer details are a long way from being resolved, but after a momentary break in the action, we could see severe threats begin to ramp up again. (I think there is some thunderstorm potential by this Sunday/Monday, but something more significant likely holds off until later next week or the weekend that follows)

After being stuck in model fantasy land, now inside of 10 days we have model support and agreement of some ridging in the east. We'll see if this comes into fruition. If so, we could see some enhanced severe activity into early May.

Say hello to the PAC ridge again ~April 15-19. It's been on the ensembles for quite some time. It's still a bit muddled how the pattern with respect to severe evolves after that, but at least it appears likely the ridging should break down fairly quickly.

Over a 50-year span from 1962 to 2011, the most violent (F/EF-4 and F/EF-5) tornadoes occurred over Oklahoma and Mississippi. The maximum grid-points reported 16 over that period, with two of those grid-points in central Oklahoma and one in central Mississippi. While a broad area from the Plains to the mid-South sees the most tornadoes overall across the United States, there are three sub-areas with the most violent tornadoes. Much of Oklahoma falls into that category, as it is widely considered to be in the heart of tornado alley. Further north into Iowa is another area that has seen the most violent tornadoes during the period. The third area falls across Mississippi, where the tornado season is relatively elongated from the heart of winter into mid-Spring. The tornado season in Oklahoma generally occurs in a narrower window in mid-Spring. The season in Iowa tends to fall from mid to late spring with a secondary peak in the fall. A smaller and less significant maximum for violent tornadoes can also be identified across the upper Ohio Valley. While the tornado season tends to peak there in mid-Spring, a few events have also occurred in the fall. An interesting tornado minimum occurs in a small portion of central Missouri. Among multiple factors is the unique geographical area Missouri falls into. The classic tornado setup in the Plains is driven largely by lee-side cyclogenesis and the dryline. As storm systems move across the Plains, the bulk of the violent tornadoes tend to occur west and northwest of Missouri. Also, the dryline tends to have trouble advancing enough east to penetrate far into Missouri. Likewise, typical tornado events in the mid-South tend to thrive off of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico, producing tornadoes east of Missouri. With that said, higher instances of violent tornadoes have been noted across northwestern Missouri (tornado alley), far southeastern portions of the state (Dixie alley) and the devestating EF-5 tornado in Joplin, in far southwestern Missouri in 2011. East of the Appalachians, violent tornadoes are fairly uncommon. However, two particular regions have reported three or more violent tornadoes from 1962 to 2011. Portions of the Carolinas fall into that category. Further north, grid-points in the mid-Hudson Valley into southwestern New England have reported four violent tornadoes in that same span.

Maybe we'll get some early to mid-April action down in Dixie Alley, where they're climo-favored anyway. That area was eerily quiet until April 27-28 last year.

Here is a snowfall map using reports from various sources. Many of the reports came from this forum and the National Weather Service. Only social media reports that passed through quality control were considered. All reports gathered were carefully considered and compared before being included. Snow developed during the afternoon on March 20th across Connecticut. Dry air in place prior to the event resulted in several hours of virga until ground observations finally reported snow early in the afternoon. Snow overspread the state, but the snow was heaviest across southwestern sections. The snow continued overnight as low pressure developed east of New Jersey. Periods of light snow continued into the morning hours on March 21st. There was some enhancement of the snow across central Connecticut before the snow tapered to flurries statewide by midday. Snowfall totals ranged from 4 to 7 inches across southwestern Connecticut to just under 2 inches in northeastern Connecticut. Much of interior Connecticut reported 2 to 4 inches with a few isolated higher amounts in north-central portions of the state. A narrow band across the higher elevations of Fairfield County, just northwest of the Merritt Parkway, reported locally 7 to roughly 8 inches of snow.

Here is a snowfall map using reports from various sources. Many of the reports came from this forum and the National Weather Service. Only social media reports that passed through quality control were considered. All reports gathered were carefully considered and compared before being included. Periods of light snow developed across Connecticut between late morning and early afternoon on March 1st. The snow became moderate to briefly heavy at times during the evening hours. Snow tapered off across northwestern Connecticut by midnight, but lingered in eastern areas until the pre-dawn hours on March 2nd. The heaviest snow affected the I-95 corridor and a bit further north into eastern Connecticut. This event resulted in a general 3 to 6 inch snowfall around the state. The lowest amounts were reported in far northwestern Connecticut with near or just under 3 inches. A few spots in the southeastern half of Connecticut saw 6 to 7 inches of snow.

Here is a snowfall map using reports from various sources. Many of the reports came from this forum and the National Weather Service. Only social media reports that passed through quality control were considered. All reports gathered were carefully considered and compared before being included. Areas of weak low pressure moved through the Ohio Valley along a frontal boundary on February 21st and periods of light snow moved into Connecticut during the afternoon. The snow gradually became moderate to briefly heavy at times during the evening. Due to the frontal boundary being west of the state, winds were generally out of the south to southwest ahead of low pressure, through the event. This led to temperatures rising into the lower 30s overnight. Snow changed to sleet, roughly as far northwest as I-84. A narrow corridor of freezing rain was reported just to the northwest of I-95. Some areas changed to plain rain south and east of I-95 along the coast and east of I-395 in far eastern Connecticut. Precipitation changed back to snow in all areas before ending on the morning of the 22nd. Most of the state reported a 4 to 8 inch snowfall. A few totals just over 8 inches were reported in Litchfield and Tolland counties. Snowfall totals along and southeast of the I-395 to I-95 corridor were generally in the range of 2 to 4 inches. The immediate shoreline in southeastern Connecticut reported around or just under 2 inches.

Here is a snowfall map using reports from various sources. Many of the reports came from this forum and the National Weather Service. Only social media reports that passed through quality control were considered. All reports gathered were carefully considered and compared before being included. As low pressure moved east from the Great Lakes, some modest warm advection light snow developed around Connecticut during the morning and afternoon on February 14th. The snow was intermittent and amounts were generally less than two inches during the daylight hours. The storm system rapidly intensified east of New England overnight and some bands of moderate to heavy snow rotated through eastern Connecticut. The snow tapered off on Sunday, during the morning in most areas, but not until early afternoon near the Rhode Island border. Snowfall totals ranged from less than two inches across far western and southwestern Connecticut, to four to eight inches across most eastern portions of the state. A few totals up to nine inches were reported, across the hills of Tolland County and across southeastern Windham County.

Here is a snowfall map using reports from various sources. Many of the reports came from this forum and the National Weather Service. Only social media reports that passed through quality control were considered. All reports gathered were carefully considered and compared before being included. This event was spread out over three days as low pressure passed along a frontal boundary, draped from the Ohio Valley into southern New England. On the first day, Saturday, February 7th, occasional flurries and a few bands of light snow passed through Connecticut. Snowfall totals on this day were generally an inch or less around the state. On Sunday, February 8th, scattered snow showers and flurries continued. During the evening hours, a band of heavier snow developed from roughly Danbury to Meriden. Outside of that band, daily snowfall totals were mainly less than two inches. Snow across Connecticut, especially northern portions of the state, became steadier after midnight. Snow, heavy at times, continued through much of the day on Monday, February 9th. The heaviest snowfall affected the northern portion of the state. Snow finally tapered off during the evening hours in Windham County. The majority of the total snowfall from this event occurred on Monday. Through the event, there was some mixing with sleet, graupel and freezing drizzle across the southern half of Connecticut. Mixed precipitation was the dominant precipitation type in lower Fairfield County and much of New London County. Some shadowing of snowfall totals can be noted west of the hills in northwestern Connecticut and across the Connecticut River Valley. There, snowfall totals were generally 4 to 8 inches. Some localized 8"+ snowfall amounts were reported in west-central Connecticut and across some of the higher elevations in Tolland and Windham counties.

Here is a snowfall map using reports from various sources. Many of the reports came from this forum and the National Weather Service. Only social media reports that passed through quality control were considered. All reports gathered were carefully considered and compared before being included. Occasional flurries developed on Sunday, February 1st across Connecticut. A steadier snow moved in after midnight with some moderate to heavy snow during the morning hours on February 1st. By 7 to 8 a.m., precipitation changed to sleet across lower Fairfield County. Snow mixed with and changed to sleet in most areas up to roughly I-84 from mid to late morning. There was some spotty freezing rain as well, mainly for a short time near the I-95 corridor. As colder air worked in behind a low pressure system passing by east of Long Island, precipitation quickly changed back to all snow across the state. An intense band of heavy snow formed across western Connecticut and moved from west to east across the state. This band of snow was producing 2″+ per hour snowfall rates. Snow quickly tapered off by mid-afternoon in western Connecticut and by early evening near the Rhode Island border. The majority of the state saw anywhere from 8 to 12 inches of snowfall. Locally higher amounts were reported in the northwestern and northeastern hills. Southeastern Connecticut, where there was the longest period of sleet and freezing rain, had anywhere from about 5 to 8 inches of snowfall.

There have been no major changes to the previous forecast. Some of the snowfall totals have been trimmed back ever so slightly. A fairly widespread area of 5 to 10 inches of snow is expected, with a jackpot across much of interior Massachusetts, where most or all of the precipitation should fall as snow. Snow becomes heavy at times early Monday morning and begins to mix with sleet and freezing rain by the morning rush around New York City. The mixing then spreads into southern New England by mid morning. After a few hours of sleet and freezing rain across the coastal plain of Connecticut, precipitation should quickly begin to lighten up by late morning to midday. Across northeastern Massachusetts, snow will continue through early afternoon before tapering off by early evening and as a result, around a foot of snow is forecast here. The greatest threat for icing extends from northern New Jersey into the lower Hudson Valley and portions of southern and central Connecticut.

Here is a snowfall map using reports from various sources. Many of the reports came from this forum and the National Weather Service. Only social media reports that passed through quality control were considered. All reports gathered were carefully considered and compared before being included. Periods of light snow and flurries began on the morning of Monday, January 26th and continued through the afternoon. It wasn't until after dark that the snow became heavy at times, particularly across the eastern half of the state. Although western sections hung on to a steady snow, it was generally light to moderate. A band of intense snowfall set up near I-395 in eastern Connecticut during the early morning to predawn hours on the 27th. The band of snow dropped 2 to 4 and occasionally 5 inches per hour for a few hours. During the day on the 27th, periods of light to occasionally moderate snow continued across eastern Connecticut, while only a few stray flurries affected western portions of the state. A couple of bands of briefly heavy snow hit northeastern Connecticut on the night of the 27th. The last flurries ended early on the morning of the 28th across Windham County. This is where the highest amounts were found. I-91 was an approximate divide between less than a foot to the west and over a foot to the east. Over two feet of snow was common from northern New London County into much of Windham County. For some of these communities, this was the most significant snowfall since the Blizzard of 1978.

Last call. Still somewhat unsure about the exact placement and intensity of a mesoscale band that will probably drop some 30"+ amounts, but fairly high confidence in the highest amounts from TOL-ORH-BOS with around two feet of snow there. A nail-biter for the western fringe, but I was never buying into the hefty amounts west and southwest of Danbury:

Here is a final snowfall forecast for the upper mid-Atlantic region and southern New England for the Blizzard of 2015. No major changes were made to the forecast, but the western fringe was trimmed somewhat. It's becoming a nowcast situation, as the computer models are relatively all over the place. The 12z Euro is one extreme (heavy west), with the 00z RGEM further east and much less impressive. Based on radar trends, the previous forecast map and a consideration to the model consensus, here is the latest thinking: The shield of heavy snow is backing west through Long Island and southern New England as of 11:35 p.m. Monday. The back edge should make it to roughly the New York border before it essentially stalls. Interior southern New England should remain within the steadiest snow for the longest period of time. There are still unclear details about a mesoscale band of enhanced snowfall totals, but a general 20 to 26 inch snowfall is expected from the hills of eastern Connecticut into much of interior eastern Massachusetts. Banding may result in some 30"+ snowfall amounts, somewhere between northeastern Connecticut and the Worcester-Boston area.

SREF maxing out with the 12 hour snowfall product. Days of lore heading for SNE.

A major snow storm is projected to bring blizzard conditions to much of New England Monday night through Tuesday. When all is said and done, many areas in and around the Boston area can expect two feet of snow with locally higher amounts. Despite the European model staying the course with greater snowfall amounts for areas around New York and New Jersey, it appears that most other data favors sharply decreasing snowfall amounts west of southern New England. As low pressure rapidly intensifies and moves toward Cape Cod and the islands, snow will become heavy with strong winds and blizzard conditions along the I-95 corridor from New York City to Boston and downeast Maine. As low pressure nearly stalls and does a loop, similar to historic blizzards in the past, a band of intense snowfall should drop excessive to possibly historic snowfall amounts. It appears that the likely positioning of this band would be on a SSW to NNE axis between central/eastern Connecticut and interior eastern Massachusetts. This may include the Boston metropolitan area. Although mesoscale details of such a band are not 100% clear, the potential exists for some 30"+ totals where this band sets up. Snow in this area will persist through the second half of Tuesday, before finally winding down early Wednesday morning. Here is the thinking for this storm. The greatest bust potential lies across far western New England, New York State, New Jersey and points west. Although this forecast leans closer to the more eastern GFS/NAM/RGEM solutions, it will still be interesting to see how the 00z Euro trends. It is very rare for the Euro to cave to the other models inside of 72 hours, but it is also hard to believe that it will stay as far west with the heavy snow as previous runs have. Another consideration is that liquid to snow ratios, especially across the interior high terrain, will be greater than 10:1. Ratios in the range of 14-18:1 across western and central Massachusetts should help offset some lower precipitation amounts with a considerable fluff factor. 8:30 a.m. Monday edit: The models have compromised a bit overnight, but the RGEM is still rather light with snowfall amounts across western New England and points west.

I actually think TOL-ORH should really bang hard on this storm. If 2013 dropped 30"+ in a band, I could see a similar outcome here. Best guess is from the Tolland hills into the Worcester hills and perhaps even northeast Mass.

Here is a snowfall map that I created using reports from various sources. Many of the reports came from this forum and the National Weather Service. Only social media reports that passed through quality control were considered. All reports gathered were carefully considered and compared before being included. Light rain developed during the morning hours on November 26th and mixed with some sleet inland. Wet snow initially confined to the far northwestern corner of the state. As steadier precipitation moved in, a slight southeast shift of the snow/sleet line was observed with some modest evaporational cooling. However, much of coastal and southeastern Connecticut stayed predominantly rain. The main reason for the mixed precipitation and sleet was a warm layer in the atmosphere around 700mb. As precipitation became heavy, sleet fell across much of central Connecticut. Wet snow continued across northwestern Connecticut and rain moved as far northwest as Meriden and Hartford with some warming aloft nudging into the valleys. Even in those areas, the 2-meter temperature hovered around 34 degrees for much of the event, which did not allow for significant amounts of snow to accumulate. Precipitation tapered off to scattered snow showers by early evening. As cooler air gradually funneled in, a light additional accumulation of snow was reported in many areas. A few broken, but locally enhanced bands of snow continued into the early morning hours on the 27th. The greatest snowfall totals were in the range of 6 to 10 inches across northwestern Connecticut. Totals dropped off fairly quickly to the south and east. A narrow area of 3 to 6 inches was observed near and just northwest of I-84. Just southeast of there, 1 to 3 inches was reported and the southeastern third of the state generally saw less than one inch of snow. Where the snow did accumulate, it had a very high water content, especially those areas that battled between a mixture of snow, sleet and rain.

An early season storm is expected to bring a heavy, wet snow to the interior hills of the upper mid-Atlantic region and New England on Wednesday into very early Thanksgiving morning. While the big cities from Philadelphia to New York and Boston can expect some snow, the greatest amounts will be to their north and west. Low pressure will develop along the Carolina coast this morning and ride up the East Coast. With the low passing close to, if not over Cape Cod, no strong high pressure center in place to the north and the fact that we're still in November, a warm surge of air should penetrate up to and even a bit northwest of I-95. While temperatures from 850mb down to the surface may hover near freezing, a warm layer up around 800-700mb will likely cause melting aloft, meaning there will be sleet and rain. The result is anticipated to be heavy wet snow well inland, but quite a bit of sleet across areas such as New Haven, Willimantic and the western Boston suburbs, with a change to rain in areas including Providence and Taunton. New York City and Philadelphia look to be in a bit of a different scenario, where rain will try to change to wet snow during the day on Wednesday. The time of day will not be favorable, along with the somewhat inland 700mb low track. The heaviest snow should fall from late morning through the afternoon across northern New Jersey and the mid-Hudson Valley. The hills of interior Massachusetts and central New England should see widespread snowfall amounts over 10" with the heaviest falling from the afternoon into the evening hours. 10 to 12" will be common with a few locally higher amounts possible. Due to the localized nature of 12"+ totals, they have been omitted from this map. Snow will taper off to snow showers early Thanksgiving morning and a few flurries could linger into the day in some locations. Snowfall forecast totals for the big cities: Boston: 2 to 4 inches Worcester: 8 to 12 inches Providence: 2 to 3 inches Hartford: 6 to 9 inches New York City: 1 to 3 inches Philadelphia: 1 to 3 inches

Here is a snowfall map that I created using reports from various sources. Many of the reports came from this forum and the National Weather Service. Only social media reports that passed through quality control were considered. All reports gathered were carefully considered and compared before being included. Light rain, with light snow across the higher elevations, developed across Connecticut during the evening hours of November 13th. The steadiest and heaviest snow fell around midnight and tapered off during the pre-dawn hours on November 14th. Most locations eventually changed to snow, with the exception being the immediate shoreline and urban coastal corridor from New Haven down toward the New York border. On average, the hills saw anywhere from 1 to 3 inches of snow, with generally an inch or less across the valleys and shoreline. The highest amounts around and just over 3 inches were reported in Litchfield County.

The United States has a greater frequency of tornadoes than most other counties. For many factors, the vast majority of tornadoes occur east of the Rocky Mountains across the continental U.S. Although the central and southern Plains region is widely considered to be "Tornado Alley," there are other areas that see just as many tornadoes, if not even more. The two graphics below are adaptations of NOAA/NWS SPC graphics found in their Tornado Environmental Browser. A broad area from the east slopes of the Rockies east to the west slopes of the Appalachians typically see the most days with tornadoes per year. Two local maximums can be identified in northeastern Colorado and central Florida. While these areas may see numerous tornadoes in any given year, they are generally low on the EF-scale. The central Appalachians feature a local minimum of tornadoes, but as one travels east, the frequency of tornadoes increases. While terrain by itself will generally not have much of an effect on a tornado, especially a significant (EF/F-2 or stronger) one, there are reasons why terrain affects tornado frequency. In the Plains, lee cyclogenesis combined with a surge of warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and drier air from the Rockies tends to create a favorable setup for severe thunderstorms and tornado development. Across the East Coast, there is less real estate to work with when considering the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. Also, wind out of the south to southeast in the lower levels will often mitigate the risk of severe thunderstorms, especially in the spring and early summer months from the mid-Atlantic region into the Northeast. The placement of a "Bermuda" high and/or a "southeast ridge" of high pressure will tend to limit the formation of strong non-tropical low pressure systems along the East Coast during the warmer months, as the jet stream is often displaced further northwest. The frequency of days with significant tornadoes is in some ways similar to, but also has differences in comparison with the frequency of days with all tornadoes. While portions of Colorado and Florida may see the most tornadoes overall, there are two distinct areas that feature a much greater frequency of significant tornadoes. The southern Plains into Dixie Alley (lower to mid-Mississippi Valley) will on average experience the most significant tornado outbreaks. Here, there are three factors that are probably most responsible for this. First, their proximity to warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico fill favor higher dew-points and greater instability. Second, the tornado season is a bit elongated here. While April into May have featured the most significant tornadoes in Dixie Alley, the late fall into winter months have also included several major tornado outbreaks. Finally, there may be at least some influence from tropical systems. While tropical storms and hurricanes often do produce tornadoes, it should be noted that most of these tornadoes are generally not significant. Eastern Nebraska into the Midwest also averages an elevated number of days per year with significant tornadoes. Here, while the tornado season typically peaks in June, at least some fall tornado events have spawned significant tornadoes this far north. In 2013, October 3rd-4th recorded six significant tornadoes from eastern Nebraska into Iowa, with the major tornado outbreak of November 17th featuring 32 significant tornadoes in the Midwest. Other noteworthy observations: Missouri is an interesting case. The western portion of the state is often considered to be in tornado alley and some maps will place southeastern Missouri in Dixie Alley. The state has seen plenty of significant and even violent tornadoes, with the Joplin tornado of 2011 being one of the more recent examples. However, a small section of central Missouri features a local minimum in terms of both tornadoes and significant tornadoes. One possible explanation can be their location being in a "dryslot" of sorts for tornadoes. For storm systems developing just east of the Rockies, the eastward extent of associated severe weather will often fall short of central Missouri. Likewise, systems developing in the lower Mississippi Valley often form a bit too far east to target central Missouri with the most tornadoes. West Virginia has less tornadoes than most states east of the Rockies. One factor that immediately comes to mind would be the population density and terrain, which may limit some tornado reports. However, their location along the Appalachians certainly plays a role in the lower frequency of tornadoes. The higher elevations will typically have less instability. Likewise, moisture pooling will typically favor higher dew-points west and east of the Appalachians, leaving West Virginia in another tornado dryslot. According to the NWS, West Virginia has no recorded EF/F-4 or 5 tornadoes. With that said, a long-track F-5 tornado in southeastern Ohio narrowly missed passing into West Virginia before lifting. Also, an F-4 tornado that dropped southeast of Pennslvania into Maryland also lifted shortly before it would have passed into West Virginia.